Online Resources

Below are Websites that relate to materials covered in this unit. Smithsonian sites are in yellow.

General Office Equipment

History of Calculating Machines
http://www.webcom.com/calc/
Museum of HP Calculators
http://www.hpmuseum.org/
This Olde Office
http://www.thisoldeoffice.com/
Yesterday's Office
http://www.yesterdaysoffice.com/

Computers

Center for the History of Computing, Charles Babbage Institute
http://www.cbi.umn.edu/index.html
The Computer Museum
http://www.tcm.org/
Computer Museum of America
http://www.computer-museum.org/
Computerseum, Commercial Computing Museum
http://www.sentex.net/~ccmuseum/
History of the Apple Computer
http://www.apple-history.com/history.html
The Machine Room, Old Computer Database/Museum
http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/%7Ealexios/MACHINE-ROOM/index.html
Macintosh computerMemoir of a Homebrew Computer Club Member
http://www.bambi.net/bob/homebrew.html
Microsoft Computer Museum
http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp
The Trailing Edge, Computing's Last Stand
http://www.trailingedge.com/
Obsolete Computer Museum
http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/cmuseum.htm
Triumph of the Nerds: A History of the Computer, by PBS
http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/index.html
University of California, Davis Computer Science Museum
http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/homepage.html
Virtual Museum of Computing
http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/computing.html

Multiple phonesTelephones

Antique Telephone Collectors Association
http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/atca.html
The Central Office
http://www.freeyellow.com/members4/thecentraloffice/
Cyber Telephone Museum
http://www.museumphones.com
HELL'S BELLS: A Radio History of the Telephone
http://town.hall.org/Archives/radio/IMS/HellsBells/
Museum of Independent Telephony
http://www.cc.ukans.edu/heritage/abilene/telephony.html
OldPhones.com
http://www.oldphones.com/
Telephone History Museum
http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/phones.html
Telephony History Pages
http://www.sandman.com/telhist.html

Writing ball, 1872Typewriters

The Antique Typewriter Down Under Connection
http://www.precision-dynamics.com.au/typewriters/
Antique Typewriter Timeline
http://osfn.org/rcs/
Classic Typewriter Page
http://xavier.xu.edu/~polt/typewriters.html
Collecting old typewriters article
http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/typebar/collectible/article.htm
Early Typewriter Collectors Association
http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/etc.html
Sholes and Glidden typewriter, 1874History of Typing
http://www.mavisbeacon.com/history.html
Pace O'Shea Antique Typewriter Museum
http://www.waldonet.net.mt/%2aoshea/
The Typewriter, article in Popular Mechanics
http://popularmechanics.com:80/popmech/spec/9608SFACM.html

Other Related Sites

Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics
http://www.cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/HyPlans/tap/past-women.html
Women and Computer Science
http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/ellens/gender.html
Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant
http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html
Frederick Taylor Collection, Stevens Institute of Technology
http://www.lib.stevens-tech.edu/collections/taylor/

Bibliography

Western Union employee, 1915Augarten, Stan. Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984.

Bliven, Bruce. The Wonderful Writing Machine. New York: Random House, 1954.

Brooks, John. The Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Chandler, Arthur. The Invisible Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1977.

Dertouzos, Michael L. "Communications, Computers, and Networks," Scientific American (September 1991): 66.

Ewen, Stuart. All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Finn, Nancy. The Electronic Office. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1983.

Roll-top desk, 1884Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire: Design and Society from Wedgwood to IBM. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986.

Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970. New York: Viking, 1989.

Jana, Reena. "Once and Future Stuff," The New York Times Magazine, March 8, 1998.

Kidwell, Peggy A., and Paul E. Ceruzzi. Landmarks in Digital Computing. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Lubar, Steven. InfoCulture: The Smithsonian Book of Information Age Inventions. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993.

Valentine typewriter, 1969Lupton, Ellen. Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office. New York: Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, Smithsonian Institution: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993.

Matthaei, Julie A. An Economic History of Women in America: Women's Work, the Sexual Division of Labor, and the Development of Capitalism. New York: Schocken Books, 1982.

Monaco, Cynthia. "The Difficult Birth of the Typewriter." Invention & Technology, Spring/Summer 1988.

Oliveno, Mary Ellen, and William R. Passewark. The Office: Procedures and Technology. San Antonio, Tex.: South-West Publishing Co., 1988.

Owen., David. "Copies in Seconds," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1986.

Palfremun, Jon, and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine: Exploring the Computer Age. New York: BBC Books Parkwest Publications, 1992.

Princess phone, 1960Pecar, Joseph A., Roger J. O'Connor, and David A. Garbin. The McGraw-Hill Telecommunications Factbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Roberts, Lawrence G. "The ARPANET and Computer Networks." In: Adele Goldberg, ed. A History of Personal Workstations. New York: ACM Press, 1988.

Stephens, Carlene, and Steven Lubar. "A Place for Public Business: The Material Culture of the Nineteenth-Century Federal Office," Business and Economic History, Vol.15, 1986.

Talbott, Page. "The Office in the 19th Century," Wooton Patent Desks. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana State Museum, 1983.

Blickensderfer typewriter, 1895Strassman, Paul A. The Information Payoff: The Transformation of Work in the Electronic Age. New York: Free Press, 1985.

Williams, Michael R. A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985.

Yates, Joanne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Introducation

Birth and Growth of the American Office

Office Equipment

Office Organization

Global Office

Conclusion

Historical Timeline

Lesson Plans

Resources

Site Contents

Carbons to Computers Home Page

Smithsonian Institution
Copyright 1998

Smithsonian Education

contact learning@si.edu with any questions or comments