The Shuar and Achuar Indians live
in the northwestern region of the Amazon River Basin in a
rainforest that spans part of the border between Ecuador
and Peru. In Ecuador, they have been working for more
than 30 years to build their relatively small, isolated
forest communities into a federation that can defend
their lands, civil rights, and cultural identity. Their work has borne
fruit and serves as a model for the emerging quest for
rights to indigenous territories throughout the
hemisphere.
Shuar territory
was generally left alone by outsiders until the 1960s,
when the Ecuadorian government began a program to
resettle farmers from the overpopulated highland regions.
Commercial livestock projects devastated the forest but
created a few wealthy farmers, including some Shuar.
These individuals pressured the government for the legal
right to divide communal lands, a step that would have
made it more difficult to defend the area from outside
encroachment. Miguel Tankamash, a founding member of the
federation, recalls its response: "Land must not be
a business or a market stall, for land is our mother. But
our only guarantee that our land not be expropriated or
invaded by colonists is to legalize our ownership of it
according to the law of the nation."
In the Shuar
world, land is collective property, so the Shuar have
fought to establish "global" land titles. The
organization they have built to do so employs traditional
ideas and practices of social organization, but also
makes use of contemporary technology like surveying and
map-making to defend territorial rights, and radios and
airplanes to link dispersed communities.
With the help
of nongovernmental and religious organizations, as well
as the Peace Corps and international funders, the Shuar
began surveying, mapping, and titling over 400 centros
or communities. They have successfully established legal
title to over 80 percent of their land.
The Shuar
Federation has developed a broad range of programs,
including one in bilingual radio education, SERBISH
(Sistema de Educacion Radiofonica Bilingue Intercultural
Shuar). Begun by Salesian missionaries in an effort to
incorporate Indians into the larger Ecuadorian society,
bilingual radio has been transformed by the Shuar, who
use it to revitalize their culture. Courses in language,
mathematics, social studies, natural science, and health
address Shuar and Achuar culture, their traditional
governing structures, and the precarious rainforest
environment and its management. Programs also emphasize
bilingualism. Today the radio school directly serves some
200 remote forest communities, although the programs
reach communities as far away as Peru.
The wisdom that
informs the federation's activities grows from local
culture, the knowledge built over generations that
supports and enriches human life in a particular place.
Miguel Tankamash says, "We are committed to
rediscover and revalue this land, with all its resources
that are our life."
-
Olivia Cadaval
|