`Carbons to Computers`

Online Resources

Below are Websites that relate to materials covered in this unit. Smithsonian sites are in red.

General Office Equipment

History of Calculating Machines: http://www.webcom.com/calc/
Design for Daily Life, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum: http://web3.si.edu/organiza/museums/design/dfl/daily/work.htm
Museum of HP Calculators: http://www.teleport.com/~dgh/hpmuseum.html
This Olde Office: http://www.thisoldeoffice.com/
Yesterday's Office: http://www.asaypub.com/rsrnews/yesterday.cfm

Computers

Center for the History of Computing, Charles Babbage Institute: http://www.cbi.umn.edu/index.html
Computer History, Division of Computers, Information & Society,
National Museum of American History: http://www.si.edu/resource/tours/comphist/computer.htm
The Computer Museum: http://www.tcm.org/
Computer Museum of America: http://www.computer-museum.org/
Computer Oral History Collection, Lemelson Center: http://www.si.edu/lemelson/Pioneer.htm
Computerseum, Commercial Computing Museum: http://www.sentex.net/~ccmuseum/
History of the Apple Computer: http://www.apple-history.com/history.html
The Machine Room, Old Computer Database/Museum: http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/%7Ealexios/MACHINE-ROOM/index.html
The Machine that Changed the World: http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/TMTCTW.htm
Memoir of a Homebrew Computer Club Member: http://www.bambi.net/bob/homebrew.html
Microsoft Computer Museum: http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp
The Trailing Edge, Computing's Last Stand: http://www.trailingedge.com/
Obsolete Computer Museum: http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/cmuseum.htm
Triumph of the Nerds: A History of the Computer, by PBS: http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/index.html
University of California, Davis Computer Science Museum: http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/homepage.html
Virtual Museum of Computing: http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/computing.html

Telephones

Antique Telephone Collectors Association: http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/atca.html
The Central Office: http://www.freeyellow.com/members4/thecentraloffice/
Cyber Telephone Museum: http://www.cavejunction.com/phones/
HELL'S BELLS: A Radio History of the Telephone: http://town.hall.org/Archives/radio/IMS/HellsBells/
Museum of Independent Telephony: http://www.cc.ukans.edu/heritage/abilene/telephony.html
OldPhones.com: http://www.oldphones.com/
Telephone History Museum: http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/phones.html
Telephony History Pages: http://www.sandman.com/telhist.html

Typewriters

The Antique Typewriter Down Under Connection: http://www.precision-dynamics.com.au/typewriters/
Antique Typewriter Timeline: http://osfn.org/rcs/
Classic Typewriter Page: http://xavier.xu.edu/~polt/typewriters.html
Collecting old typewriters article: http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/typebar/collectible/article.htm
Early Typewriter Collectors Association: http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/etc.html
History of Typing: http://www.mavisbeacon.com/history.html
Pace O'Shea Antique Typewriter Museum: http://www.waldonet.net.mt/%2aoshea/
The Typewriter, article in Popular Mechanics: http://popularmechanics.com:80/popmech/spec/9608SFACM.html

Other Related Sites

Information Age Exhibit, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution: http://photo2.si.edu/infoage.html
Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics: http://www.cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/HyPlans/tap/past-women.html
Women and Computer Science: http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/ellens/gender.html
Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant: http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html
Frederick Taylor Collection, Stevens Institute of Technology: http://www.lib.stevens-tech.edu/collections/taylor/

Bibliography

Augarten, Stan. Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984.

Bliven, Bruce. The Wonderful Writing Machine. New York: Random House, 1954.

Brooks, John. The Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.

Chandler, Arthur. The Invisible Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1977.

Dertouzos, Michael L. "Communications, Computers, and Networks," Scientific American (September 1991): 66.

Ewen, Stuart. All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Finn, Nancy. The Electronic Office. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1983.

Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire: Design and Society from Wedgwood to IBM. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986.

Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970. New York: Viking, 1989.

Jana, Reena. "Once and Future Stuff," The New York Times Magazine, March 8, 1998.

Kidwell, Peggy A., and Paul E. Ceruzzi. Landmarks in Digital Computing. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.

Lubar, Steven. InfoCulture: The Smithsonian Book of Information Age Inventions. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993.

Lupton, Ellen. Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office. New York: Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, Smithsonian Institution: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993.

Matthaei, Julie A. An Economic History of Women in America: Women's Work, the Sexual Division of Labor, and the Development of Capitalism. New York: Schocken Books, 1982.

Monaco, Cynthia. "The Difficult Birth of the Typewriter." Invention & Technology, Spring/Summer 1988.

Oliveno, Mary Ellen, and William R. Passewark. The Office: Procedures and Technology. San Antonio, Tex.: South-West Publishing Co., 1988.

Owen., David. "Copies in Seconds," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1986.

Palfremun, Jon, and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine: Exploring the Computer Age. New York: BBC Books Parkwest Publications, 1992.

Pecar, Joseph A., Roger J. O'Connor, and David A. Garbin. The McGraw-Hill Telecommunications Factbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Roberts, Lawrence G. "The ARPANET and Computer Networks." In: Adele Goldberg, ed. A History of Personal Workstations. New York: ACM Press, 1988.

Stephens, Carlene, and Steven Lubar. "A Place for Public Business: The Material Culture of the Nineteenth-Century Federal Office," Business and Economic History, Vol.15, 1986.

Talbott, Page. "The Office in the 19th Century," Wooton Patent Desks. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana State Museum, 1983.

Strassman, Paul A. The Information Payoff: The Transformation of Work in the Electronic Age. New York: Free Press, 1985.

Williams, Michael R. A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985.

Yates, Joanne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Introduction || Birth and Growth of the American Office || Office Equipment
Office Organization || Global Office || Conclusion
Historical Timeline || Lesson Plans || Resources || Site Contents
Home (text) || Home (graphics)

Smithsonian Education

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