Online Resources Below are Websites that relate to materials covered in this unit. Smithsonian sites are in yellow. General Office Equipment History of Calculating Machines http://www.webcom.com/calc/ Museum of HP Calculators http://www.hpmuseum.org/ This Olde Office http://www.thisoldeoffice.com/ Yesterday's Office http://www.yesterdaysoffice.com/ Computers Center for the History of Computing, Charles Babbage Institute http://www.cbi.umn.edu/index.html The Computer Museum http://www.tcm.org/ Computer Museum of America http://www.computer-museum.org/ Computerseum, Commercial Computing Museum http://www.sentex.net/~ccmuseum/ History of the Apple Computer http://www.apple-history.com/history.html The Machine Room, Old Computer Database/Museum http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/%7Ealexios/MACHINE-ROOM/index.html

Memoir of a Homebrew Computer Club Member http://www.bambi.net/bob/homebrew.html Microsoft Computer Museum http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp The Trailing Edge, Computing's Last Stand http://www.trailingedge.com/ Obsolete Computer Museum http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/cmuseum.htm Triumph of the Nerds: A History of the Computer, by PBS http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/index.html University of California, Davis Computer Science Museum http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/homepage.html Virtual Museum of Computing http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/computing.html Telephones Antique Telephone Collectors Association http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/atca.html The Central Office http://www.freeyellow.com/members4/thecentraloffice/ Cyber Telephone Museum http://www.museumphones.com HELL'S BELLS: A Radio History of the Telephone http://town.hall.org/Archives/radio/IMS/HellsBells/ Museum of Independent Telephony http://www.cc.ukans.edu/heritage/abilene/telephony.html OldPhones.com http://www.oldphones.com/ Telephone History Museum http://www.cybercomm.net/~chuck/phones.html Telephony History Pages http://www.sandman.com/telhist.html Typewriters The Antique Typewriter Down Under Connection http://www.precision-dynamics.com.au/typewriters/ Antique Typewriter Timeline http://osfn.org/rcs/ Classic Typewriter Page http://xavier.xu.edu/~polt/typewriters.html Collecting old typewriters article http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/typebar/collectible/article.htm Early Typewriter Collectors Association http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/etc.html History of Typing http://www.mavisbeacon.com/history.html Pace O'Shea Antique Typewriter Museum http://www.waldonet.net.mt/%2aoshea/ The Typewriter, article in Popular Mechanics http://popularmechanics.com:80/popmech/spec/9608SFACM.html Other Related Sites Notable Women of Computing & Mathematics http://www.cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/HyPlans/tap/past-women.html Women and Computer Science http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/ellens/gender.html Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/TRIVIABITS/FredWTaylor.html Frederick Taylor Collection, Stevens Institute of Technology http://www.lib.stevens-tech.edu/collections/taylor/ Bibliography Augarten, Stan. Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984. Bliven, Bruce. The Wonderful Writing Machine. New York: Random House, 1954. Brooks, John. The Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. Chandler, Arthur. The Invisible Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1977. Dertouzos, Michael L. "Communications, Computers, and Networks," Scientific American (September 1991): 66. Ewen, Stuart. All Consuming Images: The Politics of Style in Contemporary Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Finn, Nancy. The Electronic Office. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1983. Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire: Design and Society from Wedgwood to IBM. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870-1970. New York: Viking, 1989. Jana, Reena. "Once and Future Stuff," The New York Times Magazine, March 8, 1998. Kidwell, Peggy A., and Paul E. Ceruzzi. Landmarks in Digital Computing. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. Lubar, Steven. InfoCulture: The Smithsonian Book of Information Age Inventions. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. Lupton, Ellen. Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office. New York: Cooper-Hewitt, National Museum of Design, Smithsonian Institution: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993. Matthaei, Julie A. An Economic History of Women in America: Women's Work, the Sexual Division of Labor, and the Development of Capitalism. New York: Schocken Books, 1982. Monaco, Cynthia. "The Difficult Birth of the Typewriter." Invention & Technology, Spring/Summer 1988. Oliveno, Mary Ellen, and William R. Passewark. The Office: Procedures and Technology. San Antonio, Tex.: South-West Publishing Co., 1988. Owen., David. "Copies in Seconds," The Atlantic Monthly, February 1986. Palfremun, Jon, and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine: Exploring the Computer Age. New York: BBC Books Parkwest Publications, 1992. Pecar, Joseph A., Roger J. O'Connor, and David A. Garbin. The McGraw-Hill Telecommunications Factbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993. Roberts, Lawrence G. "The ARPANET and Computer Networks." In: Adele Goldberg, ed. A History of Personal Workstations. New York: ACM Press, 1988. Stephens, Carlene, and Steven Lubar. "A Place for Public Business: The Material Culture of the Nineteenth-Century Federal Office," Business and Economic History, Vol.15, 1986. Talbott, Page. "The Office in the 19th Century," Wooton Patent Desks. Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana State Museum, 1983. Strassman, Paul A. The Information Payoff: The Transformation of Work in the Electronic Age. New York: Free Press, 1985. Williams, Michael R. A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985. Yates, Joanne. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988.

Introducation	Birth and Growth of the American Office	Office Equipment	Office Organization	Global Office
Conclusion	Historical Timeline	Lesson Plans	Resources	Site Contents
Carbons to Computers Home Page

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